SOWERBY I, 1825 (Gastropoda, Calyptraeidae) are suspension-feeding snails that engage in long-term epibiotic associations. Therefore, it is often to the epibiont's advantage, especially for one with limited movement, to reside on a host species with a low predation rate and to avoid damaging the host in a manner that would dramatically increase that rate. Even if the epibiont survives direct, immediate mortality caused by the host's predator, the attached organism may eventually die if it cannot readily move to a new suitable host. “One of the greatest hazards in an epibiont's life is the danger of falling victim to predators of the substrate organism” (p. Residing on the wrong host may leave an associate at risk of death by shared doom (Wahl and Hay, 1995), wherein both the epibiont and host are killed by the host's predator. We suggest that epibiotic Crepidula adunca specialize on Calliostoma ligatum in the San Juan Islands because this particular host species is more likely to protect the epibiont from shared doom due to its effective defenses against potential predators. Finally, we found that Calliostoma ligatum used both chemical and physical defenses to effectively repel attacks by Leptasterias hexactis, while defenses by M. pupillus to the presence of a common predator ( Leptasterias hexactis) in such a way that likely elevates the snails' chance of escape. Thus Calliostoma ligatum, and especially large individuals of this species, react more than M. Neither stimulation by asteroids nor gastropod size (whether for stimulated or non-stimulated snails) had a significant effect on the rate of movement for M. There was a significant positive correlation between gastropod size and the rate of movement for Calliostoma ligatum stimulated by Leptasterias hexactis, but this correlation was not significant for non-stimulated individuals. Individuals of Calliostoma ligatum stimulated by tube feet from Leptasterias hexactis moved significantly more quickly than non-stimulated individuals, but snails of this species stimulated by Pycnopodia helianthoides did not move at a significantly different rate than non-stimulated snails. pupillus than Calliostoma ligatum in laboratory experiments. The small but voracious sea star Leptasterias hexactis was common across all our intertidal survey sites and consumed significantly more M. We examined the reasons for host fidelity by Crepidula adunca in the San Juan Islands. pupillus are almost never utilized as a host by Crepidula adunca. Snails of Margarites pupillus would appear to be particularly good alternate hosts, given their similarities in microhabitat choice, shell shape, and taxonomic closeness with Calliostoma ligatum. Individuals of the epibiotic gastropod Crepidula adunca predominantly utilize the gastropod Calliostoma ligatum as their hosts in the San Juan Islands, Washington, rather than exploiting other potential host species.
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Luffer expanded their maintenance operations to include tablet, laptop and desktop computers. Now iPhix has four locations in Calgary and ten technicians. She spent two years fixing phones in coffee shops and pop-up kiosks at the University of Calgary or Stephen Avenue, until business was lucrative enough to open the first location in Eau Claire Market Mall. Luffer looked for a third-party that could provide service or parts but nothing came up so, she decided to start her own company. Her screen was cracked and when she went to Apple the only option she was offered was to purchase a refurbished unit from the company for $200. Luffer began iPhix in 2009 when her iPhone broke. “We’ve had parts seized and whole shipments sent back.” “We definitely had problems here and it was from border control,” Luffer says. Nobody’s kicking down doors but this effect has even made its way to Calgary.Ĭindy Luffer - owner and creator of the aftermarket repair shop iPhix - has had her business affected by policies of smartphone makers trickling down to Canadian customs. Immigration Control and Enforcement - to kick down doors to repair shops and seize repair parts. felt Apple’s powerful grip in 2013 when the company used a relationship with ICE - the U.S. Rossmann himself made a video outlining how confusing their communication had been and no suit ever appeared.īusinesses in the U.S. However, the law firm representing Apple claimed their contact was merely a type of approval of his YouTube channel. The threat of a lawsuit loomed over Rossmann for several weeks during the summer because he was making schematics of Apple’s logic boards available online. Louis Rossmann - a YouTube celebrity and owner of Rossmann Repair Group in New York - was visited in 2016 by Apple’s lawyers. 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The Pathfinder was built in Japan before Nissan shifted production to Tennessee. One of the most powerful SUVs in the class, the Pathfinder had lots of goodies as standard. The XR included standard power mirrors and windows, the SE added the choice of an automatic or a manual transmission and the top-of-the-line LE included a premium Bose sound system, fake wood accents and foglights.Īll trim levels included 16-inch wheels and ABS as standard features, while other options included side airbags, a mobile entertainment system and a navigation system, depending on the trim level. The frontal barrier test simulates a head-on collision between two similar vehicles. I leased this vehicle brand new, the only thing I disliked about. Three trim levels were available with the 2001 model, the XR, SE and the top-of-the-range, LE. 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* The rebellion's name probably belongs in quotation marks. As in contemporary Europe, fame and fortune in early America came not from innovation or toil, but from family connections and sheer violence. Her second husband, a well-connected young surveyor and militia officer named George Washington, had inherited his own legacy of interracial violence from Virginia's past. Martha became a propertied and eligible widow, and, like most women of her class and time, joined her fortunes to those of another gentlemen. Daniel died in 1757, but not before passing his fortune on to his wife Martha Dandridge Custis and their children. Custis's descendents capitalized on his investment in human beings, putting the family's wealth into more slaves, land, and tobacco, so that by mid-century his grandson Daniel Parke Custis had become well-to-do. For now, though, let me note just one of many fascinating anecdotes she shared: one of the wealthy colonial families that profited from Indian slavery was that of John Custis, whose 1708 will identified 30 slaves (mostly but not necessarily all African) and six Indians as part of his property. Shefveland will be posting some of her findings here on the Turtle Island Examiner this summer, and her book on Indian tributaries and slaves in colonial Virginia comes out this fall. Among her other observations, Kristalyn noted that many of Virginia's wealthy colonial families built their fortunes on the trade in Indian men, women, and children, whom they employed as laborers or sold to the West Indies. Shefveland's larger research project examines the relationship between Native peoples and the colonial government of Virginia during the "tributary period," when Anglo-Virginians converted thousands of Indians either into tribute-paying subordinates or chattel slaves. One of the bright young scholars researching Indian slavery, Kristalyn Shefveland, spoke last week at my university on the interrelationship between indigenous slavery and gender politics during Bacon's Rebellion.* Prof. Knowledge of Indian slavery has even begun to spread into the mainstream Slate Magazine recently ran a cover story on the Indian slave trade and on Indians' enslavement of African-Americans. In the decade since then, studies of indigenous enslavement in North America have multiplied, as many innovative ethnohistorians turned their attention to a once-unknown institution. The publication in 2002 of James Brooks's Captives and Cousins and Alan Gallay's The Indian Slave Trade brought the bare fact and some of the dynamics of Indian slavery to the attention of scholars for the first time. Until quite recently, few modern Americans, even historians, knew that many thousands, if not millions, of Native North Americans once lived and died in slavery. Let your arms bend and squat down to catch the bar between the front of your shoulders and your clavicles, keeping your elbows as high as you can. Step 5 - Catch the Bar and Stand Up Credit: Mongkolchon Akesin / Shutterstock Imagine you’re trying to hit the floor as fast as you can once you stand on your toes. As you finish the triple extension and rise onto your toes, shrug as hard as you can to give even more energy to the bar while “pulling” yourself under it.Įnd up with your knees slightly bent and your chest proud, ready to receive the bar in a front rack position.įorm tip: “Attack” the ground with force. Now that you’ve transferred force from your lower body to raise the bar, the third pull is actually pulling yourself “under” the barbell to catch it. Once you pass your knees, think “up, up, up.” Step 4 - Transition Into the “Third Pull” Credit: SOK Studio / Shutterstock Because the movement is a hip hinge, you could be tempted to explode your hips forward like a kettlebell swing to try to generate force, but it will result in an inefficient bar path. If you’ve performed a complete triple extension, your body in a complete straight line, with only your toes and the balls of your feet on the floor.įorm tip: Think of jumping as high as you can to transfer maximum power into the bar, but don’t actually lose contact with the ground. As you extend, push through the balls of your feet as hard as you can. While keeping your arms straight, extend your hips and knees forcefully. Now you can explode up with as much force as possible by extending your whole lower body. The second pull occurs as the bar passes your knees. In this phase, you’ll achieve triple extension - full extension of your hips, knees, and ankles. Step 3 - Explode Into the “Second Pull” Credit: Ground Picture / Shutterstock Especially if you’re not sure about your technique, slow down your first pull. Focus on being in control of the barbell with your whole body braced. The first pull is not unlike the initial start of a standard deadlift.įorm tip: Because the clean & jerk is an explosive movement, you might be tempted to explode off the floor to generate force as quickly as possible. Your hips and shoulders should raise at the same speed, while the barbell remains very close to your body. Brace your core, flex your lats, and drive with your legs by pushing your feet through the ground. It’s the moment you break the barbell from the ground and bring it to your knees. The first pull is the term for the start of the clean. Step 2 - Initiate the “First Pull” Credit: baranq / Shutterstock This will ensure a proper bar path with less lower back strain. Keep your back flat, your chest high, and look forward.įorm tip: Keep the bar close touching, or almost touching, your shins during the setup. Your hips should be lower than your shoulders but higher than your knees. Squat down until your shoulders are slightly above the barbell. Bend at your hips and hinge forward to grab the bar with a slightly wider than shoulder-width grip, using a pronated (palm down) grip. Angle your toes and knees slightly outward. Stand in front of a barbell on the ground with a hips-wide stance. Step 1 - Get Into the Starting Position Credit: baranq / Shutterstock Ideally, you’ll load the bar with specialized, rubber-coated bumper plates which allow a safer and more efficient way to perform the final phase of each repetition, but the clean & jerk can be performed (carefully) with any metal plates. The technique requires timing, mobility, and total-body coordination. This is one of the reasons why it’s so demanding. You cannot perform a correct clean & jerk slowly. The clean & jerk is an explosive movement that requires (and builds) strength, coordination, and speed. But don’t worry, you’re about to discover a detailed breakdown on how to master this beast of a lift. Each of these lifts is complex enough on its own, and combining both during a single repetition is a challenging task. The clean & jerk is composed of two distinct movements: the clean and the jerk (yes, it’s that simple). No wonder it is used in many strength and conditioning programs to produce high-performance athletes, or that the exercise made its way into CrossFit training, which emphasizes challenging your entire body as often as possible. The “C&J” is a complete movement which can develop strength, power, coordination, speed, and muscle throughout your whole body if you can master it. The clean & jerk, along with the snatch, make up the Olympic lifts - the only strength sport currently competed in the Olympics. Is there a feat of strength more visually striking than taking a heavy chunk of metal from the ground, heaving it into the air, and locking it overhead? The image alone, sometimes seen in silhouette, is iconic. 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